INTRODUCTION:

Menopause is the end of menstruation. The word menopause came from the Greek word ` mens’ meaning ``monthly’’ and ` pausis’ meaning ``cessation ‘’.

Menopause is a part of a women’s natural ageing process when her ovaries produce lower level of the estrogen and progesterone and when she no longer able to become pregnant.

Definition:

Menopause is defined as the end of menstruation that occurs permanently due to the lack of ovarian follicular activity. It is the moment when the last and final menstruation takes place.

Following the cessation of menstruation for a period of twelve months without the presence of any other pathology, the clinical diagnosis is verified.

Premenopause is the time before menopause.

Postmenopause is the time following menopause the time leading up to menopause (40-55 years)

Climacteric:

During the climacteric stage of the ageing process, a woman transitions from the reproductive to the non-reproductive stage. This stage lasts for five to ten years each side of menopause.

Types:

Premenopause: The period of the climacteric before menopause, during which the menstrual cycle is most likely to be irregular, is known as the premenopause.

Postmenopause: The stage of life that follows menopause is known as postmenopause.

MENOPAUSE AGE:

The onset of menopause is genetically programmed. Age at last pregnancy or age at menarche have no bearing on menopause age. Additionally, it has nothing to do with the quantity of pregnancies, breastfeeding, oral pill use, socioeconomic status, race, height, or weight.

Younger menopause occurs among thinner women. Early menopause may be brought on by cigarette smoking and severe malnutrition. Menopause occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, with 50 being the typical age.¹

CAUSES:

· Ovaries removed surgically

· chemotherapeutic and radiation treatment for cancer

· premature ovarian failure

SURGICAL MENOPAUSE:

Oestrogen, progesterone, and androgens, which are produced by the ovaries and are crucial for menstrual cycle management. These hormones are abruptly terminated and their levels drop after a hysterectomy, which causes menopausal symptoms. Surgical menopause is the term used for this.

In comparison to menopause that occurs naturally, menopausal symptoms are more intense, more frequent, and stay longer after hysterectomy because to the sudden disruption of hormones.

SYMPTOMS OF SURGERY-RELATED MENSOPAUSE

· The most frequent signs and symptoms of surgical menopause are hot flushes and nocturnal sweats. This is brought on by the disruption of the central thermostat in the hypothalamus, which is normally stabilised by normal oestrogen circulation.

· Other signs and symptoms of surgical menopause include difficulty sleeping, itching and dryness in the vaginal area, as well as a decrease in libido and painful erections.

· Another frequent consequence of decreased oestrogen level is depression.

· Other signs of surgical menopause include weight gain, migraines, irritability, bladder infections, and thyroid malfunction.

RISKS OF SURGICAL MENOPAUSE:

· Cardiovascular disease and potential height reduction due to low bone density.

· Gum tissues are impacted

· epitaxies

· Osteoporosis, as oestrogen is essential for the development of new bones, and without it, calcium is lost from the bones, making them more brittle and susceptible to breaking.

MANAGEMENT OF SURGERY-RELATED MENOPAUSE:

· Hormone replacement treatment

· Estrogen is administered right away after surgery in an effort to lessen the severe alterations, particularly the hot flashes, that can happen to women having hysterectomy. For women who have cardiovascular disease already or who are at high risk, it is typically not advised.

· Another kind of self-help that is constructive therapy is exercise. Start with short, frequent walks and work your way up to weight-bearing workouts, which help the brain create endorphins, which the body uses to feel good.²

PREVENTION:

Menopause is a natural and expected part of a woman's development and does not need to be prevented.

· By doing the following, you can lower your risk of developing long-term issues like osteoporosis and heart disease: Maintain healthy blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other heart disease risk factors.

· Avoid smoking. Early menopause can result from smoking. Eat a diet low in fat.

· Exercise frequently. Exercises that build muscle and bone strength also help you balance better. Consult your doctor about taking drugs that can help prevent further thinning if you are experiencing early indications of bone loss or have a strong family history of osteoporosis. Consider vitamin D and calcium.³

MENOPAUSE AND EPITAXIES:

A woman's body experiences a large shift in hormone levels during the stages of menopause. Nasal bleeding is a symptom that menopausal women frequently experience. When a woman goes through menopause, she often experiences typical symptoms like nosebleeds, which are caused by hormonal changes that have an impact on her reproductive system.

Causes:

The tissues of the nose may dry out or shrink as a result of the hormonal changes that occur during menopause. As a result, the tissue of the nose is more vulnerable to breaks, cuts, and bleeding. Nasal bleeding that keeps happening is typically another sign that menopause is starting.

· The tissues in the nose may dry up or shrink as a result of the hormonal changes that occur during menopause.

· Nasal bleeding that keeps happening is typically another sign that menopause is starting.

Treatment/Prevention:

Maintaining moisturised and supple skin is crucial when the tissue gets dry and damaged. The dry skin within the nose can be moisturised with simple products like lotion or an antibiotic like Neosporin. By using a humidifier, which allows moisture to build up in the air you breathe, you can stop further cracking. Avoid using furnaces and air conditioners since they dry up the air. Maintaining moisturised and supple skin is crucial when the tissue gets dry and damaged.

By using a humidifier, which allows moisture to build up in the air you breathe, you can stop further cracking. It is critical to treat nosebleeds properly when they do happen. Your nostrils should be tightly squeezed together when the blood first starts to flow. The increased pressure helps the nosebleed to scab, and the nosebleed will typically clot. Because doing so causes blood to drain down the throat, avoid doing so. Use a decongestant spray or moisturiser, such as Neo-Synephrine, once the bleeding has ceased. Put a cotton ball inside your nose after wetting it with Neo-Synephrine. Take around five minutes to hold your nostrils together. Icing the forehead and nose bridge may help in some cases of persistent bleeding. Both the bleeding and the skin's temperature will be reduced by using this technique.⁴

Managing Nosebleeds:

· It's crucial to act quickly when nosebleeds do develop.

· When nosebleeds do arise, it's important to treat them correctly.

· Put some cotton inside your nose after moistening it with Neo-Synephrine.

Caution:

· It's crucial that you get additional medical care if a nosebleed is severe or doesn't stop. When a nosebleed continues for more than 10 minutes, it is regarded as dangerous. This is due to the fact that blood loss might develop into a significant issue and you might start to feel faint or lightheaded.

In-depth Treatment options

· There are more serious treatments your doctor can undertake if you find that nosebleeds are getting more frequent. Your nose might be packed with surgical gauze by the doctor to halt a major nosebleed. Another treatment involves cauterising the blood vessels within your nose (surgical burning).⁵

CONCLUSION:

The hormonal fluctuations that characterize menopause can affect a person’s mental and physical health and well-being. Surgical menopause causes these effects to develop immediately, whereas in natural menopause, they may develop slowly over time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We deeply acknowledge the original work of the respective authors from whom few study findings and facts are being added to our work.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

None.

REFERENCES:

1. https://healthfully.com/548877-is-it-safe-to-exercise-with-braxton-hicks.html

2. https://healthfully.com/447730-is-it-normal-to-bleed-when-you-exercise.html

3. https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/menopause/videos/3-more-menopause-symptoms-which-might-surprise-you/

4. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317681

5. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240208/Premature-and-early-menopause-in-India-what-are-the-triggers

Received on 03.12.2022 Revised on 09.08.2024

Accepted on 12.01.2025 Published on 25.02.2025

Available online from March 24, 2025

A and V Pub J. of Nursing and Medical Res. 2025;4(1):19-21.

DOI: 10.52711/jnmr.2025.06

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.